Introduction
The CIA and the FBI are an executive agency and reports directly to the Director of National Intelligence, with responsibility for providing national security intelligence assessment to senior United States policymakers.The CIA started September 18, 1947 and the FBI started May 1, 1908 The reason the FBI was created was for law enforcement was often political rather than professional and right after the CIA was created but the CIA was forced to be shutdown because the FBI was overpowering but in the end the FBI let the CIA back in and today they work together
The Creation Of The CIA
CIA Denial of Coddling Nazis Far From the Truth
The CIA began to slowly surface and these words trailed its discovery with haste. As
America entered World War II, a secret intelligence agency known as the Office
of Strategic Services (OSS) emerged as America’s “ace of spades” allowing them
to control the flow of the war.
In 1942, Roosevelt reinforced the poor intelligence agencies of America and funded them, generally without limit. The O.S.S.’s job was to collect foreign intelligence which allowed for America’s strategic troop deployment and supply deployment all over Europe and the Pacific, but since the O.S.S. was not “permitted” to control all foreign affairs it remained as secretive as possible.
Roosevelt dismantled the O.S.S., dividing it among the State and War Departments. Donovan would not stand for his America to be run solely by politicians, so he proposed a new plan, stating “A powerful, centralized civilian agency would coordinate all the intelligence services and we will engage in subversive operations abroad, but no police or law enforcement functions, either at home or abroad."
Even though a strong intelligence agency was a great idea, it was shot down by the (FBI) Federal Bureau of Investigation, who believed it breached their “civilian territory,” and the military completely opposed the two forces coming together.Eventually Harry S. Truman created the Central Intelligence Group and the National Intelligence Authority in 1946, but twenty months later the decision was made to “pull the plug” on both operations. Finally by 1947, the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Council were both generated under the National Security Act of 1947, allowing the Central Intelligence Agency to be responsible for discovering intelligence, securing its validity, and deciding the level of national security.
The Central Intelligence Agency was given 46 million dollars by President Eisenhower in 1955 to have the CIA Headquarters built in Langley, Virginia. By 1961 the CIA supported the invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs by providing the Cuban exiles with weapons and training, In 1977, Jimmy Carter finally made the decision to give the Director of Central Intelligence full control of the budget and operations the CIA performed, but he also stated that anything that goes wrong is the director’s fault, not the “little man.”
The CIA always remained as secretive as possible and hid themselves well for almost 25 years, supported by President Reagan and the Intelligence Identities Protection Act of 1982, which gave criminal penalties to those who named covert operative specialists. The CIA has controlled the underground of America for almost half a century and they will continue to keep America safe with any means necessary. The Central Intelligence Agency played one of the biggest roles in how America would be shaped throughout the Cold War and played an even bigger role in the world’s affairs to come.
By the end of World War II, most of Europe was devastated, along with its economy. The United States of America and Canada were the only major Allied countries whose infrastructures were unscathed. With the Truman administration's announcement of the Marshall Plan in June 1947, and the signing of the European Recovery Act on April 3, 1948, America stepped in to help Europe regain its footing.
Most European countries eagerly participate. However, the Marshall Plan intensified Moscow's efforts to influence public opinion in Western Europe and subvert the program. The National Security Council and Central Intelligence Agency took up the challenge for the hearts and minds of Europeans and launched operations to counter Soviet propaganda.
The Soviet Union took an increasingly hostile view of the Marshall Plan, refused East Bloc participation, and called it an "imperialist ploy" for the enslavement of Europe. In September 1947, the Soviets founded the Communist Information Bureau (COMINFORM), which ordered party members to mobilize against the Marshall Plan. French and Italian Communists, in particular, responded by staging strikes and intensive propaganda campaigns.
Washington's increasing concern over Soviet behavior was one of several factors that lead to passage of the National Security Act of 1947, creating the National Security Council (NSC) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in September. One of the NSC’s first acts was to grant CIA authority to conduct covert action and to assign the Agency the task of countering Soviet activities, especially those hindering Marshall Plan programs.
By September 1948, as aid began arriving in Europe, CIA's Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) under Frank G. Wisner began funding anti-Communist labor, student, and intellectual organizations through a variety of front groups. Émigrés from Eastern Europe joined the national committee for Free Europe, an organization created by OPC to oppose Soviet occupation and propaganda in the East Bloc countries. Radio Free Europe—a source of news and information from the outside world broadcast into Eastern Europe—served as part of this initiative.
In addition to the growing operations of Radio Free Europe, CIA efforts through OPC included funding groups such as the Americans for Intellectual Freedom and the Congress for Cultural Freedom, both composed of authors, intellectuals, and, eventually, labor leaders. The Agency gave financial support to the National Student Association and other youth groups to counter Soviet-sponsored organizations, while later branching out beyond funding existing groups and publications to establishing its own, complete with regular journals, conferences, and generous aid grants.
CIA's efforts had helped the Marshall Plan succeed, countering Soviet propaganda, and funding Western European organizations in their bids to organize anti-Soviet activities. The European Recovery Act, inaugurated in mid-1948, achieved its objectives at far less cost and in far less time than ever anticipated. When the program ended in 1952, production in ERA was 200 percent over that of 1938. Strong and free, western Europe became a dedicated partner of the United States during the Cold War.
America entered World War II, a secret intelligence agency known as the Office
of Strategic Services (OSS) emerged as America’s “ace of spades” allowing them
to control the flow of the war.
In 1942, Roosevelt reinforced the poor intelligence agencies of America and funded them, generally without limit. The O.S.S.’s job was to collect foreign intelligence which allowed for America’s strategic troop deployment and supply deployment all over Europe and the Pacific, but since the O.S.S. was not “permitted” to control all foreign affairs it remained as secretive as possible.
Roosevelt dismantled the O.S.S., dividing it among the State and War Departments. Donovan would not stand for his America to be run solely by politicians, so he proposed a new plan, stating “A powerful, centralized civilian agency would coordinate all the intelligence services and we will engage in subversive operations abroad, but no police or law enforcement functions, either at home or abroad."
Even though a strong intelligence agency was a great idea, it was shot down by the (FBI) Federal Bureau of Investigation, who believed it breached their “civilian territory,” and the military completely opposed the two forces coming together.Eventually Harry S. Truman created the Central Intelligence Group and the National Intelligence Authority in 1946, but twenty months later the decision was made to “pull the plug” on both operations. Finally by 1947, the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Council were both generated under the National Security Act of 1947, allowing the Central Intelligence Agency to be responsible for discovering intelligence, securing its validity, and deciding the level of national security.
The Central Intelligence Agency was given 46 million dollars by President Eisenhower in 1955 to have the CIA Headquarters built in Langley, Virginia. By 1961 the CIA supported the invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs by providing the Cuban exiles with weapons and training, In 1977, Jimmy Carter finally made the decision to give the Director of Central Intelligence full control of the budget and operations the CIA performed, but he also stated that anything that goes wrong is the director’s fault, not the “little man.”
The CIA always remained as secretive as possible and hid themselves well for almost 25 years, supported by President Reagan and the Intelligence Identities Protection Act of 1982, which gave criminal penalties to those who named covert operative specialists. The CIA has controlled the underground of America for almost half a century and they will continue to keep America safe with any means necessary. The Central Intelligence Agency played one of the biggest roles in how America would be shaped throughout the Cold War and played an even bigger role in the world’s affairs to come.
By the end of World War II, most of Europe was devastated, along with its economy. The United States of America and Canada were the only major Allied countries whose infrastructures were unscathed. With the Truman administration's announcement of the Marshall Plan in June 1947, and the signing of the European Recovery Act on April 3, 1948, America stepped in to help Europe regain its footing.
Most European countries eagerly participate. However, the Marshall Plan intensified Moscow's efforts to influence public opinion in Western Europe and subvert the program. The National Security Council and Central Intelligence Agency took up the challenge for the hearts and minds of Europeans and launched operations to counter Soviet propaganda.
The Soviet Union took an increasingly hostile view of the Marshall Plan, refused East Bloc participation, and called it an "imperialist ploy" for the enslavement of Europe. In September 1947, the Soviets founded the Communist Information Bureau (COMINFORM), which ordered party members to mobilize against the Marshall Plan. French and Italian Communists, in particular, responded by staging strikes and intensive propaganda campaigns.
Washington's increasing concern over Soviet behavior was one of several factors that lead to passage of the National Security Act of 1947, creating the National Security Council (NSC) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in September. One of the NSC’s first acts was to grant CIA authority to conduct covert action and to assign the Agency the task of countering Soviet activities, especially those hindering Marshall Plan programs.
By September 1948, as aid began arriving in Europe, CIA's Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) under Frank G. Wisner began funding anti-Communist labor, student, and intellectual organizations through a variety of front groups. Émigrés from Eastern Europe joined the national committee for Free Europe, an organization created by OPC to oppose Soviet occupation and propaganda in the East Bloc countries. Radio Free Europe—a source of news and information from the outside world broadcast into Eastern Europe—served as part of this initiative.
In addition to the growing operations of Radio Free Europe, CIA efforts through OPC included funding groups such as the Americans for Intellectual Freedom and the Congress for Cultural Freedom, both composed of authors, intellectuals, and, eventually, labor leaders. The Agency gave financial support to the National Student Association and other youth groups to counter Soviet-sponsored organizations, while later branching out beyond funding existing groups and publications to establishing its own, complete with regular journals, conferences, and generous aid grants.
CIA's efforts had helped the Marshall Plan succeed, countering Soviet propaganda, and funding Western European organizations in their bids to organize anti-Soviet activities. The European Recovery Act, inaugurated in mid-1948, achieved its objectives at far less cost and in far less time than ever anticipated. When the program ended in 1952, production in ERA was 200 percent over that of 1938. Strong and free, western Europe became a dedicated partner of the United States during the Cold War.
The Creation Of The FBI
J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI’s War on Americans’ Civil Liberties
Heading into the late 1930s, fresh off a victory over the gun-slinging gangsters, the FBI hardly had time to catch its collective breath.The Bureau had reformed itself on the fly; it was stronger and more capable than ever. But now, with the world rushing headlong into war and the pendulum swinging back towards national security concerns, the FBI would need to refocus and retool its operations once again.
The FBI originated from a force of special agents created in 1908 by Attorney General Charles Bonaparte during the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt. The two men first met when they both spoke at a meeting of the Baltimore Civil Service Reform Association. Roosevelt, then Civil Service commissioner, boasted of his reforms in federal law enforcement. It was 1892, a time when law enforcement was often political rather than professional. Roosevelt spoke with pride of his insistence that Border Patrol applicants pass marksmanship tests, with the most accurate getting the jobs. Following Roosevelt on the program, Bonaparte countered, tongue in cheek, that target shooting was not the way to get the best men. "Roosevelt should have had the men shoot at each other and given the jobs to the survivors."
When the Bureau was established, there were few federal crimes. The Bureau of Investigation primarily investigated violations of laws involving national banking, bankruptcy, naturalization, antitrust, peonage, and land fraud. Because the early Bureau provided no formal training, previous law enforcement experience or a background in the law was considered desirable.
June 1910 when the Mann ("White Slave") Act was passed, making it a crime to transport women over state lines for immoral purposes. It also provided a tool by which the federal government could investigate criminals who evaded state laws but had no other federal violations. Finch became Commissioner of White Slavery Act violations in 1912, and former Special Examiner A. Bruce Bielaski became the new Bureau of Investigation chief.
The FBI originated from a force of special agents created in 1908 by Attorney General Charles Bonaparte during the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt. The two men first met when they both spoke at a meeting of the Baltimore Civil Service Reform Association. Roosevelt, then Civil Service commissioner, boasted of his reforms in federal law enforcement. It was 1892, a time when law enforcement was often political rather than professional. Roosevelt spoke with pride of his insistence that Border Patrol applicants pass marksmanship tests, with the most accurate getting the jobs. Following Roosevelt on the program, Bonaparte countered, tongue in cheek, that target shooting was not the way to get the best men. "Roosevelt should have had the men shoot at each other and given the jobs to the survivors."
When the Bureau was established, there were few federal crimes. The Bureau of Investigation primarily investigated violations of laws involving national banking, bankruptcy, naturalization, antitrust, peonage, and land fraud. Because the early Bureau provided no formal training, previous law enforcement experience or a background in the law was considered desirable.
June 1910 when the Mann ("White Slave") Act was passed, making it a crime to transport women over state lines for immoral purposes. It also provided a tool by which the federal government could investigate criminals who evaded state laws but had no other federal violations. Finch became Commissioner of White Slavery Act violations in 1912, and former Special Examiner A. Bruce Bielaski became the new Bureau of Investigation chief.
April 1917 entry of the U.S. into World War I during Woodrow Wilson's administration, the Bureau's work was increased again. As a result of the war, the Bureau acquired responsibility for the Espionage, Selective Service, and Sabotage Acts and assisted the Department of Labor by investigating enemy aliens.William J. Flynn, former head of the Secret Service, became Director of the Bureau of Investigation in July 1919 and was the first to use that title. In October 1919, passage of the National Motor Vehicle Theft Act gave the Bureau of Investigation another tool by which to prosecute criminals who previously evaded the law by crossing state lines. With the return of the country to "normalcy" under President Warren G. Harding in 1921, the Bureau of Investigation returned to its pre-war role of fighting the few federal crimes.
The years from 1921 to 1933 were sometimes called the "lawless years" because of gangsterism and the public disregard for Prohibition, which made it illegal to sell or import intoxicating beverages. Prohibition created a new federal medium for fighting crime, attacking crimes that were federal in scope but local in jurisdiction called for creative solutions. The Bureau of Investigation had limited success using its narrow jurisdiction to investigate some of the criminals of "the gangster era." For example, it investigated Al Capone as a "fugitive federal witness." Federal investigation of a resurgent white supremacy movement also required creativity.
After Harding died in 1923, his successor, Calvin Coolidge, appointed replacements for Harding's cronies in the Cabinet. For the new attorney general, Coolidge appointed attorney Harlan Fiske Stone. On May 10, 1924, Stone then selected Hoover to head the Bureau of Investigation. By inclination and training, Hoover embodied the Progressive tradition. His appointment ensured that the Bureau of Investigation would keep that tradition alive.The new Director was also keenly aware that the Bureau of Investigation could not fight crime without public support. In remarks prepared for the attorney general in 1925, he wrote, "The agents of the Bureau of Investigation have been impressed with the fact that the real problem of law enforcement is in trying to obtain the cooperation and sympathy of the public and that they cannot hope to get such cooperation until they themselves merit the respect of the public." Also in 1925, Agent Edwin C. Shanahan became the first agent to be killed in the line of duty when he was murdered by a car thief.
Tracking criminals by means of identification records had been considered a crucial tool of law enforcement since the 19th century, and matching fingerprints was considered the most accurate method. By 1922, many large cities had started their own fingerprint collections. To combat the crime wave, President Franklin D. Roosevelt influenced Congress in his first administration to expand federal jurisdiction, and his Attorney General, Homer Cummings, fought an unrelenting campaign against rampant crime. One case highlighting the rampant crime included the swindling and murder of members of the Osage Indian tribe in Oklahoma for the rights to their oil fields, in 1932, the first issue of the FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin—then called Fugitives Wanted by Police, was published. Hoover became as adept at publicizing his agency's work as he was at administering it. Prior to 1933, Bureau agents had developed an esprit de corps, but the public considered them interchangeable with other federal investigators. Three years later, mere identification with the FBI was a source of special pride to its employees and commanded instant recognition and respect from the public. By the end of the decade, the Bureau had field offices in 42 cities and employed 654 special agents and 1,141 support employees. During the early and mid-1930s, several crucial decisions solidified the Bureau's position as the nation's premier law enforcement agency. Responding to the kidnapping of the Lindbergh baby in 1932, Congress passed a federal kidnapping statute. Then, in May and June 1934, with gangsters like John Dillinger evading capture by crossing over state lines, it passed a number of federal crime laws that significantly enhanced the Bureau's jurisdiction. In the wake of the Kansas City Massacre, Congress also gave Bureau agents statutory authority to carry guns and make arrests.
In 1935, the FBI National Academy was established to train police officers in modern investigative methods, since at that time only a few states and localities provided formal training to their peace officers. The National Academy taught investigative techniques to police officials throughout the United States, and starting in the 1940s, from all over the world.The legal tools given to the FBI by Congress, as well as Bureau initiatives to upgrade its own professionalism and that of law enforcement, resulted in the arrest or demise of all the major gangsters by 1936. By that time, however, fascism in Adolph Hitler's Germany and Benito Mussolini's Italy, and Communism in Josef Stalin's Soviet Union, threatened American democratic principles. With war on the horizon, a new set of challenges faced the FBI
With the actual outbreak of war in 1939, the responsibilities of the FBI escalated. Subversion, sabotage, and espionage became major concerns. In addition to agents trained in general intelligence work, at least one agent trained in defense plant protection was placed in each of the FBI's 42 field offices. The FBI also developed a network of informational sources, often using members of fraternal or veterans' organizations. With leads developed by these intelligence networks and through their own work, special agents investigated potential threats to national security.
In 1940 and 1941, the United States moved further and further away from neutrality, actively aiding the Allies. In late 1940, Congress reestablished the draft. The FBI was responsible for locating draft evaders and deserters, June 22, 1941. Thereafter, the FBI focused its internal security efforts on potentially dangerous German, Italian, and Japanese nationals as well as native-born Americans whose beliefs and activities aided the Axis powers. The FBI was assisted by a loyal American with German relatives who acted as a double agent. For nearly two years the FBI ran a radio station for him, learning what Germany was sending to its spies in the U.S. while controlling the information that was being transmitted to Germany. The investigation led to the arrest and conviction of 33 spies.
In April 1945, President Roosevelt died, and Vice President Harry Truman took office as president. Before the end of the month, Hitler committed suicide and the German commander in Italy surrendered. Although the May 1945 surrender of Germany ended the war in Europe, war continued in the Pacific until August 14, 1945. The world that the FBI faced in September 1945 was very different from the world of 1939 when the war began. American isolationism had effectively ended, and, economically, the U.S. had become the world's most powerful nation. At home, organized labor had achieved a strong foothold; African-Americans and women, having tasted equality during wartime labor shortages, had developed aspirations and the means of achieving the goals that these groups had lacked before the war.
The years from 1921 to 1933 were sometimes called the "lawless years" because of gangsterism and the public disregard for Prohibition, which made it illegal to sell or import intoxicating beverages. Prohibition created a new federal medium for fighting crime, attacking crimes that were federal in scope but local in jurisdiction called for creative solutions. The Bureau of Investigation had limited success using its narrow jurisdiction to investigate some of the criminals of "the gangster era." For example, it investigated Al Capone as a "fugitive federal witness." Federal investigation of a resurgent white supremacy movement also required creativity.
After Harding died in 1923, his successor, Calvin Coolidge, appointed replacements for Harding's cronies in the Cabinet. For the new attorney general, Coolidge appointed attorney Harlan Fiske Stone. On May 10, 1924, Stone then selected Hoover to head the Bureau of Investigation. By inclination and training, Hoover embodied the Progressive tradition. His appointment ensured that the Bureau of Investigation would keep that tradition alive.The new Director was also keenly aware that the Bureau of Investigation could not fight crime without public support. In remarks prepared for the attorney general in 1925, he wrote, "The agents of the Bureau of Investigation have been impressed with the fact that the real problem of law enforcement is in trying to obtain the cooperation and sympathy of the public and that they cannot hope to get such cooperation until they themselves merit the respect of the public." Also in 1925, Agent Edwin C. Shanahan became the first agent to be killed in the line of duty when he was murdered by a car thief.
Tracking criminals by means of identification records had been considered a crucial tool of law enforcement since the 19th century, and matching fingerprints was considered the most accurate method. By 1922, many large cities had started their own fingerprint collections. To combat the crime wave, President Franklin D. Roosevelt influenced Congress in his first administration to expand federal jurisdiction, and his Attorney General, Homer Cummings, fought an unrelenting campaign against rampant crime. One case highlighting the rampant crime included the swindling and murder of members of the Osage Indian tribe in Oklahoma for the rights to their oil fields, in 1932, the first issue of the FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin—then called Fugitives Wanted by Police, was published. Hoover became as adept at publicizing his agency's work as he was at administering it. Prior to 1933, Bureau agents had developed an esprit de corps, but the public considered them interchangeable with other federal investigators. Three years later, mere identification with the FBI was a source of special pride to its employees and commanded instant recognition and respect from the public. By the end of the decade, the Bureau had field offices in 42 cities and employed 654 special agents and 1,141 support employees. During the early and mid-1930s, several crucial decisions solidified the Bureau's position as the nation's premier law enforcement agency. Responding to the kidnapping of the Lindbergh baby in 1932, Congress passed a federal kidnapping statute. Then, in May and June 1934, with gangsters like John Dillinger evading capture by crossing over state lines, it passed a number of federal crime laws that significantly enhanced the Bureau's jurisdiction. In the wake of the Kansas City Massacre, Congress also gave Bureau agents statutory authority to carry guns and make arrests.
In 1935, the FBI National Academy was established to train police officers in modern investigative methods, since at that time only a few states and localities provided formal training to their peace officers. The National Academy taught investigative techniques to police officials throughout the United States, and starting in the 1940s, from all over the world.The legal tools given to the FBI by Congress, as well as Bureau initiatives to upgrade its own professionalism and that of law enforcement, resulted in the arrest or demise of all the major gangsters by 1936. By that time, however, fascism in Adolph Hitler's Germany and Benito Mussolini's Italy, and Communism in Josef Stalin's Soviet Union, threatened American democratic principles. With war on the horizon, a new set of challenges faced the FBI
With the actual outbreak of war in 1939, the responsibilities of the FBI escalated. Subversion, sabotage, and espionage became major concerns. In addition to agents trained in general intelligence work, at least one agent trained in defense plant protection was placed in each of the FBI's 42 field offices. The FBI also developed a network of informational sources, often using members of fraternal or veterans' organizations. With leads developed by these intelligence networks and through their own work, special agents investigated potential threats to national security.
In 1940 and 1941, the United States moved further and further away from neutrality, actively aiding the Allies. In late 1940, Congress reestablished the draft. The FBI was responsible for locating draft evaders and deserters, June 22, 1941. Thereafter, the FBI focused its internal security efforts on potentially dangerous German, Italian, and Japanese nationals as well as native-born Americans whose beliefs and activities aided the Axis powers. The FBI was assisted by a loyal American with German relatives who acted as a double agent. For nearly two years the FBI ran a radio station for him, learning what Germany was sending to its spies in the U.S. while controlling the information that was being transmitted to Germany. The investigation led to the arrest and conviction of 33 spies.
In April 1945, President Roosevelt died, and Vice President Harry Truman took office as president. Before the end of the month, Hitler committed suicide and the German commander in Italy surrendered. Although the May 1945 surrender of Germany ended the war in Europe, war continued in the Pacific until August 14, 1945. The world that the FBI faced in September 1945 was very different from the world of 1939 when the war began. American isolationism had effectively ended, and, economically, the U.S. had become the world's most powerful nation. At home, organized labor had achieved a strong foothold; African-Americans and women, having tasted equality during wartime labor shortages, had developed aspirations and the means of achieving the goals that these groups had lacked before the war.
No matter how familiar a spy case may be, a fresh look can usually bring new insights. Very often, however, authors and practitioners limit themselves to drawing narrow lessons--usually they study such cases as those of Aldrich Ames or Robert Hannsen in the hope of learning how to stop future spies before they can wreak comparable havoc. Sometimes, especially when looking at cases that became great causes celebres, like those of Alfred Dreyfus, Alger Hiss, or the Rosenbergs, historians and political scientists try to evaluate a particular case's effects on politics, culture, and society. Seldom, however, do authors attempt to use a comparative approach and present several cases at once. This is unfortunate, for comparative studies of espionage hold great promise for teasing new, broad lessons out of well-worked ground.
In their new book, Early Cold War Spies, historians John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr review the major espionage cases of the early Cold War era, beginning with the Amerasia affair and ending with the Soblen trial. By looking at how the cases were understood at the time and then adding what has been learned about them since the end of the Cold War, they "hope to better assess the history of American politics and public opinion regarding communism and anticommunism" during the 15 years following World War II (17). While Haynes and Klehr fall somewhat short of this ambitious goal, their book still is very good, both as an introductory text and as an example of the promise that comparative study holds for expanding our understanding of espionage, intelligence, and the political environment in which they are carried out.
In their new book, Early Cold War Spies, historians John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr review the major espionage cases of the early Cold War era, beginning with the Amerasia affair and ending with the Soblen trial. By looking at how the cases were understood at the time and then adding what has been learned about them since the end of the Cold War, they "hope to better assess the history of American politics and public opinion regarding communism and anticommunism" during the 15 years following World War II (17). While Haynes and Klehr fall somewhat short of this ambitious goal, their book still is very good, both as an introductory text and as an example of the promise that comparative study holds for expanding our understanding of espionage, intelligence, and the political environment in which they are carried out.